How to Plant, Grow, and Care for Ostrich Ferns

One of the most common ferns across the US, Matteuccia struthiopteris is an ideal plant for shade gardens. Gardening expert Madison Moulton gives tips on how to plant, grow, and, most importantly, harvest these beautiful leafy plants.

a stand of baby ferns grows bright green in a shady woodland

Contents

Close your eyes and imagine what a typical fern looks like. Chances are, you’ve imagined something close to the ostrich fern. This fern is widespread across North America and is one of the most common garden ferns.

They are not only popular amongst gardeners. They are also famous among foragers for their delectable fiddleheads that emerge in spring, with a flavor often compared to asparagus. Just be sure you’re actually dealing with the correct species before harvesting, as many fern fiddleheads are toxic.

This species is essential to shade gardens and is easy to grow and remarkably low-maintenance. Read on to find out how to best grow and care for ostrich ferns.  

Overview

sprouts of ostrich fern
Plant Type Perennial
Family Onocleaceae
Genus Matteuccia
Species Matteuccia struthiopteris
Native Area North America, Europe and Asia
Hardiness Zones 3-7 (USDA)
Exposure Partial to Full Shade
Soil pH Acidic, neutral
Height 1-6 feet
Watering Requirements High
Pests & Diseases Slugs and snails
Maintenance Low

What Is It?

Close-up of Ostrich ferns (Matteuccia struthiopteris) in a sunny garden. The plant is characterized by bright feathery leaves reminiscent of ostrich feathers. The leaves are bright green, lush, and finely divided. Each front consists of multiple leaflets arranged along a central stem.
Matteuccia struthiopteris thrives in gardens across the US, offering ornamental value and edible fiddleheads.

Scientifically known as Matteuccia struthiopteris, this classic garden fern is named after its fluffy green fronds that look like grand ostrich feathers.

As a North American native plant (it’s also found in parts of Europe and Asia), it grows incredibly well in gardens across the US, dispelling any hard-to-grow reputation other ferns may have.

Ostrich ferns are planted for their beautiful fronds and ability to grow in shade, easily filling empty gaps under trees or garden structures. Thanks to their long history, they contribute an ancient woodland look, with ancestors over 300 million years old. In fact, they are known as ‘dinosaur plants’ in my house thanks to this historical significance.

But planting them doesn’t only add ornamental value to your garden. This species is also among the few that produce edible fiddleheads – often considered a culinary delicacy and a great ingredient to play with in the kitchen. These plants are widespread across North America and popular with foragers.

Characteristics

Close-up of fiddlehead ferns of the ostrich fern in the garden. Fiddlehead ferns of the ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) are the young. They are called "fiddleheads" because their tightly coiled shape resembles the scroll of a violin or fiddle. They have a unique appearance with a coiled shape. The coiled fronts are tightly wound and have a cylindrical shape.
Mature plants boast tall fronds that arch outward in a circular pattern.

Ostrich fern fronds can reach impressive heights of up to 6 feet when mature. These fronds emerge in a circular pattern, gently arching outwards and creating a lush, full appearance.

Sterile fronds have a bright green hue and provide the backdrop for the shorter fertile fronds that may emerge in spring in some plants. When mature, these fertile counterparts are easily distinguishable from sterile fronds in size and unique color and take on a deep, almost chocolatey brown hue. Fertile fronds will release spores, while sterile fronds are those harvested early as fiddleheads.

In fall, green fronds transform into a golden brown as temperatures dip. The fern will shed its sterile fronds during colder months (fertile fronds will remain on the plant), only to return the following season with bright green fiddleheads.

Although these plants can spread via spores, they reproduce far more rapidly by underground rhizomes. Their spread can become quite aggressive if not controlled, so it’s important to remember when deciding on a planting location.

Planting

Close-up of sprouted fiddlehead ferns in a sunny garden. The plant produces vertical, feathery leaves. Each branch consists of many leaflets arranged along a central stem, forming a circular pattern, arching gracefully outward as it grows. At the tips, the leaves form spiral formations of tightly packed leaflets.
Plant ferns in the fall before frost or in early spring to establish roots, preferably in cooler seasons.

Fall before frost is usually the best time to plant, giving the roots plenty of time to establish. But you can also plant in early spring, just before the new growth begins. As they prefer cooler temperatures over warm weather, planting in cooler seasons helps limit root stress.

While these ferns are adaptable, they thrive best in partial to full shade. A location under the canopy of trees or placement on the shaded side of garden structures or your home is often ideal. Not only does this protect them from the scorching midday sun, but it also replicates the cool, moist conditions they prefer.

When you’re ready to plant, dig a hole about twice the size of the container and amend the soil with compost to improve health and retain moisture. Place the fern in the hole and keep the crown level or just above the soil surface, as burying the crown too deeply can lead to rot.

Fill in any remaining gaps and press around the base gently to remove large air pockets. Water immediately after planting, settling the soil around the roots. If you’re planting multiple ferns, spacing about 2 feet between each is recommended to account for their spread.

Planting In Containers

Close-up of female hands replanting a fern plant into a large black ceramic pot, indoors. There is a large shovel with fresh soil mixture on the wooden table. There is also a wicker pot with another house plant on the table.
Use a deep, wide container with good drainage.

For those limited by space, container planting is also an option.

The chosen container should be very deep and wide to make space for the extensive root system and to balance the tall fronds. Also, ensure the container has adequate drainage holes to prevent waterlogging and potential rot.

Fill the pot with a mix of potting soil and compost to retain plenty of moisture (containers dry out quickly). The same planting rule applies – the crown should sit level with the soil’s surface.

Given their love for moisture, it’s crucial to monitor the soil in containers regularly, ensuring it remains consistently moist but not soggy. You will also need to repot and divide quite often due to their quick spread.

How to Grow

If you plant your ostrich ferns in the right place, they largely take care of themselves. Some extra watering may be needed in dry areas, but beyond that, these plants won’t give you any trouble. The most important part of maintenance is actually controlling their spread thanks to their vigorous growth.

Light

Close-up plan of Ostrich fern in sunlight. The plant produces large feathery leaves. The leaves of ostrich ferns are long, lance-shaped, and pinnate, which means they have multiple leaflets arranged on either side of a central stem, resembling the appearance of ostrich feathers.
These ferns prefer partial to full shade, replicating their woodland habitat.

Ostrich ferns are quite particular regarding sunlight due to their woodland native habitats. Like other ferns, these plants have evolved to thrive in environments where sunlight filters through a dense canopy. Partial to full shade is preferred to match these native conditions.

Direct sunlight, especially during midday peak hours, can quickly dry the fronds and potentially kill the plant. The intense rays scorch the fronds, causing them to brown and wilt within a few hours.

If you’re planting outdoors, consider locations shielded from intense afternoon sun, either behind taller plants or under the shade of a tree. In containers, keep them undercover and away from direct sun.

Deep shade will slow growth, which is helpful for managing their rapid spread. However, it will also affect overall health and frond color. Partial shade is the sweet spot for these ferns.

Water

Close-up of Ostrich fern covered with drops of water. The plant has lush, bright green foliage that is finely dissected, giving it a delicate and feathery appearance.
Ostrich ferns rely on having consistent moisture to fuel the development of their lush, green leaves.

Originating from forest floors where the soil remains consistently damp, ostrich ferns love moisture. They grow best with consistent access to water rather than drying out completely. This also keeps the roots cool, especially in warmer climates where these plants may struggle.

However, despite their love for water, there is such a thing as too much. Prolonged exposure to waterlogged conditions can lead to root rot, damaging the crown and killing the rest of the plant. While it’s essential to ensure the soil remains moist, it’s equally crucial to ensure it’s well-draining.

During the warmer months, these ferns appreciate a deep watering whenever the top inch or two of the soil feels dry to the touch. As autumn approaches and growth slows, you can reduce the frequency, but never let the soil dry out completely.

Ferns in containers will need water more often as the soil dries out much quicker. Test the soil every few days to stop the roots from drying out.

Soil

Close-up of young Ostrich ferns in the garden. The plant has vertical stem pinnate leaves, which consist of many leaflets located on either side of the central stem. These leaflets resemble feathers, dissected, and bright green in color.
Ensure the soil’s drainage is adequate, especially in low-lying areas.

In forest habitats, soil is rich in organic matter thanks to the layers of debris that build up over time.  This rich medium provides essential nutrients and retains moisture, ensuring the fern’s roots remain hydrated without becoming waterlogged.

The ideal soil for ostrich ferns is a rich loam with plenty of compost mixed in to replicate these conditions. Sandy soil will dry out too quickly, and heavy clay may lead to crown rot. Amending either soil type with plenty of high-quality compost will improve conditions to create the soil environment they love.

Drainage is essential, especially in low-lying areas where water tends to collect in your garden. A well-draining soil ensures excess water can quickly drain away while retaining enough moisture to keep the roots happy.

For potted ferns, a mix of potting soil, compost, and a bit of bark for extra drainage will provide the ideal conditions for root growth.

Temperature and Humidity

Close-up of lush Ostrich ferns foliage in a garden. The plant has beautiful large leaves of bright green color. The leaves have a pinnate appearance and consist of many finely dissected leaflets.
Ferns thrive in high humidity.

Despite its delicate look, this plant is surprisingly resilient with its temperature requirements. They are most comfortable in USDA Zones 3 to 7, preferring cool and mild climates over warm ones. However, in a heavily shaded forest (such as the redwood forests in northern California), they can grow all the way up to zone 9.

During the peak of summer, it’s essential to shield them from scorching heat, especially in zones at the higher end of their preferred range. They can withstand colder temperatures (even those that dip below freezing) and bounce back again once spring emerges.

High humidity levels, mimicking their native forest conditions, are ideal for healthy, long fronds. However, they are generally happy with any humidity level above 30%. Keeping the soil consistently moist will also help boost humidity around the plant when the air is dry.

Fertilizing

Close-up view of Ostrich ferns foliage in a sunny garden. Ostrich ferns, known scientifically as Matteuccia struthiopteris, are characterized by lush, feathery leaves. The leaves of ostrich ferns are long, spear-shaped and feathery.
Optionally, use slow-release fertilizer once a year in spring, but avoid overdoing it to prevent stunted growth.

These ferns are considered low-maintenance, and this extends to their feeding requirements. If you’ve planted in rich soil amended with compost to boost nutrients, you won’t need to worry about fertilizing. A top-up of compost every few months will help maintain levels and boost soil health, keeping the ferns happy year-round.

If you want to boost them, you can add a slow-release fertilizer to the soil once per year in early spring. Don’t overdo it – overfertilizing can actually stunt growth rather than improving it. Rather, stick to upping nutrients with organic matter to keep the roots happy.

Maintenance

Close-up of Ostrich ferns plants with a layer of mulch. Mulch is dry branches and straw. Ostrich ferns are characterized by striking, feather-like fronds, which resemble the plumes of an ostrich. Each frond consists of multiple bright green leaflets arranged along a central stem, and they emerge in a circular pattern.
Ostrich ferns benefit from mulch for moisture and nutrients.

During their first year, ostrich ferns will benefit from a protective layer of mulch to retain soil moisture and provide a steady supply of nutrients as the mulch breaks down. Once established in their new homes, they won’t need as much attention unless temperatures increase or rain dips unusually.

As the colder months loom and the fronds start to change color, you can leave them to die back naturally or trim them to tidy the garden. Removing the fronds in late winter or early spring also clears the way for new growth, ensuring your fern looks its best as the weather warms.

This keeps the plant looking tidy and helps prevent pests and fungal diseases that might take advantage and settle in over the cooler months.

The most important maintenance task to complete is managing their spread. The rhizomes spread quickly underground, creating new fern clusters in unexpected places. While this can be useful to fill empty spaces, it can quickly overtake other areas of the garden. Consider occasionally checking the spread and dividing the ferns to manage their growth.

Propagation

Close-up shot of female hands replanting and dividing an Ostrich ferns plant in a white pot, indoors. The plant has bare, tangled roots and long, lush, feathery leaves that are bright green. The gardener is wearing a white T-shirt with black patterns.
Carefully lift the mature fern, separate rhizome sections with healthy roots, and plant them like new plants.

This species spreads quickly on its own. But if you want to move plants to containers or another part of your garden, propagating is easy.

Division is the most common method of propagation for these ferns. This is best done in early spring or fall to take advantage of mild temperatures and extra moisture, ensuring the young plants get a strong start.

To start, carefully lift the mature plant using a spade or fork, taking care not to damage the root system. Remove the plant completely to get a closer look at the rhizome. Using a sharp, sanitized knife or shears, gently separate out sections of the rhizome, ensuring each division has a healthy set of roots attached.

Once you have your divisions, it’s time to plant them in their new homes. Follow the previous planting instructions as you would when purchasing a new plant. With the right care, you’ll soon see the fern’s signature fronds unfurling, indicating the roots have become established.

Propagating From Spores

Close-up of fern leaves with spores. The spores on the ostrich fern are part of its reproductive process and can be found on the fertile fronds of the plant. Spores are tiny, dust-like structures.
Identify fertile fronds, collect spores, and prepare a container with a sterilized growing medium.

Division is the easiest propagation method, but it’s not the only one. You can also propagate ferns from spores if you want to try a little garden experiment. While this method is more intricate than division, the excitement of raising a fern from a tiny spore is incredibly rewarding.

Start by identifying the fertile fronds – typically darker, shorter, and more tightly curled than the sterile ones. As they mature, they will produce clusters of spore cases. To collect, place a mature frond in a paper bag. When the frond dries out, you’ll notice a fine, dusty residue inside – these are the spores.

Next, prepare a container by filling the base with perlite, followed by peat and seedling mix. Moisten the mix by watering it with boiling water to sterilize it, leaving to cool before planting. Gently sprinkle the collected spores over the prepared growing medium, ensuring they’re evenly spread.

Cover the tray with a clear plastic bag, creating a mini greenhouse, and place the tray in a location with bright, indirect light. Ensure the medium remains consistently moist but not waterlogged. The spores will germinate over the next several weeks, forming a greenish carpet called prothallia.

Once the prothallia develop tiny fern-like structures, they’re ready to be transplanted. Using a sterilized tool, gently lift and transplant them into individual pots to continue growing.

Harvesting

Close-up of many collected Ostrich fern coiled fronds in a mesh bag. Ostrich fern coiled fronds, commonly known as "fiddleheads," are a unique and captivating stage in the growth of these ferns. They are tightly coiled, resembling the scroll of a fiddle or the head of a violin. Their vibrant bright green color and smooth, tender texture set them apart from the mature fronds of the fern.
Harvest young, coiled fronds in early spring after confirming you have the right species.

Early spring’s young, coiled fronds are an exciting sight and a delectable treat prime for harvesting. If you are 100% sure that your ferns are indeed Matteuccia struthiopteris, you have a bounty of delicious produce awaiting you when these appear!

Readied with gloves and a sharp knife or scissors, look for young fronds that are tightly coiled. Ensure they are bright green, firm, and no more than six inches tall. Gently cut them close to the ground, but be mindful not to harvest all from a single plant. Leaving a majority ensures the fern continues to grow and thrive.

Once you’ve gathered your fiddleheads, clean them thoroughly. Rinse them under cold water, gently rubbing to remove any debris. It’s common to find small insects, so a thorough cleaning is crucial. You can also soak them in cold water, allowing lingering pests to float to the surface.

After harvesting, you’re ready to cook. Fiddleheads should never be consumed raw – boil them for at least 15 minutes or steam for 10 to 20 minutes before cooking. After boiling, they are best sautéed in butter with garlic and used as a side.

Their flavor, often compared to asparagus, pairs wonderfully with lemon zest or even a splash of white wine. They also make a delightful addition to pasta, paired with other fresh spring veggies.

Before consuming any fiddleheads – foraged or harvested from the garden – it’s crucial to be absolutely certain of their identification. Other fern varieties have toxic fiddleheads that cannot be eaten, so be sure of what you’ve got before cooking.

Common Problems

Ostrich ferns are usually problem-free, resistant to many garden pests, and grow well without fuss. The most common problem you’ll face is controlling their spread, but there are also a few other issues to look out for.

Vigorous Spread

Close-up of overgrown Ostrich ferns in the garden against the background of a wooden fence. The plant has lush feathery leaves. The leaves of ostrich ferns are long, spear-shaped and feathery. Each branch consists of many leaflets located along the central stem, resembling the appearance of ostrich feathers.
This species spreads rapidly through underground rhizomes, potentially overshadowing other plants.

These ferns are known for their enthusiastic growth, spreading via rhizomes beneath the soil. While this can create a lush woodland look, it might also overshadow other plants.

Regularly inspect the perimeter of the planting area and consider installing barriers or borders to contain their spread. If they do grow beyond their designated area, division and transplanting can help manage their growth.

Crispy Leaves

Close-up of an Ostrich ferns plant in a garden with damaged leaves. The leaves are large, pinnate, composed of many finely dissected bright green leaflets. These leaflets have brown crispy tips due to improper care and watering.
Brown, crispy fronds often signal low moisture or excessive sun exposure.

If the fronds become brown and crispy, particularly around the edges, it’s usually a sign of insufficient moisture or excessive sunlight.

These ferns thrive in consistently damp soil and shaded environments. Ensure they’re watered regularly, especially during dry spells, and consider relocating them if they’re exposed to too much direct sunlight.

Pests

Close-up of spotted forest slug, scientifically known as Lehmannia marginata, on fern leaves. Lehmannia marginata is a type of terrestrial gastropod mollusk commonly found in forested and damp habitats. This slug has a cylindrical and elongated body. Its body is brown in color and decorated with noticeable black stripes and spots.
Inspect your ferns for slugs and snails, especially on young fronds during the evening hours.

While these plants aren’t pest-prone, you may encounter slugs and snails, especially on young fronds. Regularly inspect your ferns during the evening when these pests are most active. Consider using organic slug and snail baits or creating your own beer trap to control these pests.

Diseases

Close-up of an Ostrich ferns plant in a sunny garden with dying leaves due to a fungal disease. The plant has large feathery leaves that consist of many finely dissected green leaflets. Leaves and stems are brown, wilted and rotting.
Fungal issues can arise in overly damp and poorly ventilated conditions.

Fungal diseases are possible, especially when the environment is excessively damp and lacks proper air circulation. Ensure the soil is not waterlogged or soggy, and regularly prune dead or diseased fronds to limit risk.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is ostrich fern invasive?

While they are vigorous growers and can spread rapidly in ideal conditions, they are not considered invasive in most regions. However, you should be aware of their spreading nature and consider implementing measures to manage their growth if you prefer a contained appearance.

Why is my ostrich fern turning brown?

Dry conditions or inadequate watering can lead to brown leaves, especially at the leaf edges. Exposure to intense sunlight can scorch the fronds, causing them to brown. Brown fronds are also part of the natural lifecycle of the plant, dying back in winter and emerging again the following spring.

Can ostrich ferns grow in pots?

This species can adapt to container growing quite well if the pot is large enough. Growing them in pots also offers the advantage of controlling their spread, making it a popular choice for those who want to enjoy them without worrying about expansive growth.

Use a well-draining, nutrient-rich potting mix and ensure the chosen container has drainage holes. Container-grown ferns require more frequent watering and attention, especially during warmer months.

Is ostrich fern edible?

The young fiddleheads are edible and harvested in spring. They can be sautéed, boiled, or even fried. However, ensuring proper identification is crucial, as not all fern fiddleheads are safe to eat.

Final Thoughts

If you need to fill your shade garden quickly or want to add a stunning and edible fern, the ostrich fern should be your first choice. With the right location and a little attention, you’ll wonder why you didn’t plant them sooner.

SHARE THIS POST
A cluster of vibrant wild ginger leaves, rich in deep green hues, gracefully basks in the warm embrace of golden sunlight. The leaves of wild ginger possess a glossy texture, while their veined patterns reveal nature's intricate artistry.

Herbs

How to Plant, Grow and Care For Wild Ginger

Are you curious about wild ginger and if you can grow it in your garden? Wild ginger is a wonderful native plant that makes an excellent ground cover for a shade garden. In this article, gardening enthusiast Liessa Bowen will discuss the proper care and maintenance of these beautiful and easy-to-grow plants.

A cluster of pale lavender pincushion flowers grow in a lush garden.

Ornamental Gardens

37 Hardy Perennials For Difficult Climates

Are you searching for plants that can handle drought, heat, or cold? Depending on your climate, you can choose from quite a few plants. In this article, gardening expert Jill Drago gives insight and ideas on 37 hardy perennials that thrive in challenging climates.